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The Baden Army () was the military organisation of the German state of Baden until 1871. The origins of the army were a combination of units that the Badenese margraviates of Baden-Durlach and Baden-Baden had set up in the Baroque era, and the standing army of the Swabian Circle, to which both territories had to contribute troops. The reunification of the two small states to form the Margraviate of Baden in 1771 and its subsequent enlargement and elevation by Napoleon to become the Grand Duchy of Baden in 1806 created both the opportunity and obligation to maintain a larger army, which Napoleon used in his campaigns against Austria, Prussia and Spain and, above all, Russian Empire. After the end of Napoleon's rule, the Grand Duchy of Baden contributed a division to the German Federal Army. In 1848, Badenese troops helped to suppress the Hecker uprising, but a year later a large number sided with the Baden Revolution. After the violent suppression of the revolution by Prussian and Württemberg troops, the army was re-established and fought in the Austro-Prussian War of 1866 on the side of Austria and the southern German states, as well as in the Franco-Prussian War of 1870 on the side of the Germans. When Baden joined the German Empire in 1870/71, the Grand Duchy gave up its military sovereignty and the Badenese troops became part of the XIV Army Corps of the Imperial German Army.
For his sons Frederick, Charles and Christopher, George Frederick wrote his own book on military operations from 1614 to 1617, which he never published.Karl Friedrich Ledderhose: Aus dem Leben des Markgrafen Georg Friedrich von Badens, pp. 79–81. He also relied on the military academy known as the School of War ( Ritterliche Kriegsschule), founded in 1616 by John VII, Count of Nassau-Siegen in Siegen.Karl Freiherr von Reitzenstein: er Feldzug des Jahres 1622 am Oberrhein und in Westfalen bis zur Schlacht bei Wimpfen. Munich, 1891/93, Volume II p. 172.
At the beginning of the Thirty Years' War he sided with the "Winter King", Frederick V of the Palatinate. After Spanish troops occupied the Palatinate and the Protestant Union had dissolved, George Frederick wanted to unite his now 20,000 strong army with the troops of Ernst von Mansfeld who were fighting in the Palatinate against the Catholic troops under Tilly. However, the Margrave and von Mansfeld did not agree on who should be in command of the united army, so a merger did not come about. Instead, the Badenese armed forces fought on 6 May 1622 without Mansfeld's troops against Tilly and were defeated in the Battle of Wimpfen, one of the bloodiest battles of the Thirty Years' War. George Frederick's army was smashed in the process, the margrave himself escaped, according to tradition, only through a sacrifice made by 400 men of Pforzheim who covered his retreat and all died in the process, with the exception of the standard bearer. As a result of the defeat, the Upper Baden Occupation was reversed, parts of Baden-Durlach were also occupied and plundered by troops of the League.Kohnle, Kleine Geschichte der Markgrafschaft, pp. 118-124.
George Frederick also carried around 70 so-called pike or pointed wagons in his army. The pointed wagons are described as an invention of his.J.G.F. Pflüger: Geschichte der Stadt Pforzheim, Pforzheim 1861, p. 382 These are wagons with two or three axles, on which two beams are attached so that the wheels can be easily and widely rotated. Small swivelling (sometimes also referred to as mortars) were attached to the beams, as well as iron pikes (hence the name) which were pointed outwards, in particular to ward off enemy cavalry.
It was not until 1631 that George Frederick's son and successor Frederick V Was financially able to raise his own troops again, but this was prevented by the invasion of Bavarian troops. The Baden regions remained a theatre of war in the years that followed, mainly due to fighting between Swedish troops (which Frederick allied with) and Imperial troops. From 1634, the Imperial side gained the upper hand, Frederick lost his territory and was only able to get it back in the course of the Treaty of Westphalia, but without the Baden-Baden territories, which went back to the Catholic line. In Baden's case, the Peace of Westphalia did not restore the state to its pre-1618 borders, but rather to that before the occupation of Upper Baden.Kohnle, Kleine Geschichte der Margrafschaft, pp. 124–126
Besides the circle troops, both Baden-Baden and Baden-Durlach had their own troops, so-called household troops, which included the royal guard ( Leibgarde). In Baden-Durlach, a grenadier battalion of four companies and a dragoon squadron was set up in 1752, Baden-Baden was followed in 1763 with an equally strong grenadier battalion, a cuirassier company and a squadron of .Harder: Handbuch, pp. 80 ff. After the death of the last Baden-Baden margrave, Augustus George Simpert, Frederick of Baden-Durlach finally reunited the two states into the Margraviate of Baden. United Baden now had a population of around 257,000,Kohnle, Kleine Geschichte der Markgrafschaft, p. 187 and although Charles Frederick had taken on the debts of the old Baden-Baden margraviate which he had to pay off, he was also able to enlarge the army. In 1780, he united the Baden-Baden and Baden-Durlach Grenadier Battalions to form the Life Guard Infantry Regiment consisting of a battalion of and a battalion of grenadiers. The hussar squadron remained as an independent unit, the Baden-Baden Cuirassiers and Baden-Durlachian Dragoons formed the Garde du Corps and on top of that two fusilier battalions were set up. Together with a garrison company and four three-pounder guns, the Baden Army comprised 1,125 men and the military budget in 1782/83 was a little more than 105,000 Baden gulden.Heunisch/Bader: Das Großherzogtum Baden, p. 36
The illegitimate son of Margrave Charles Frederick, Charles Frederick Hermann of Freystedt created a militia system and is considered the pioneer of general conscription. With a reform of Baden's military law, he also ensured a certain protection of the soldiers from the arbitrariness of their superiors in 1782.
As a result of its defeat in the War of the First Coalition, however, the coalition's promises were not fulfilled and Baden's left bank of the Rhine was finally lost de facto in 1794. Prussia reached an accommodation with France in 1795, and the Margrave of Baden also committed to peace: in 1796 a separate treaty was signed, Baden left the coalition and gave up its left bank territory.Kohnle, Kleine Geschichte der Markgrafschaft, p. 192 However, since Austria continued the war, Baden, which was actually neutral, became a theatre of war: there were battles at EmmendingenRickard, J: Battle of Emmendingen, 19 October 1796, historyofwar.org and Schliengen in October 1796 and parts of South Baden were plundered by the French armies.
| One life guard regiment and three line infantry regiments | The Garde du Corps | Three batteries |
| One independent battalion of and one of Jägers | One regiment of | |
| Four garrison regiments | One regiment of |
The total strength of the army was 14 battalions of infantry, 10 squadrons of cavalry and three batteries of artillery. The Electorate/Grand Duchy was divided into four cantonal system along the lines of the Prussian model.Harder: Handbuch, p. 84
The corps then also retreated under rearguard action, and on 26 November it met the remnants of the army coming from Moscow near Barysaw. The strength of the Baden Brigade at this time was still 2,240 men and thus around a third of the original force. Denkwürdigkeiten des Generals der Infanterie Markgrafen Wilhelm von Baden, pp. 60ff. On 28 November the Battle of Berezina took place, in which the IX Corps, east of the river, faced Wittgenstein's army. The Baden Brigade was west of the river at this point, but was ordered back to the corps early in the morning, great confusion occurring at the river crossings. Denkwürdigkeiten des Generals der Infanterie Markgrafen Wilhelm von Baden, p. 64 The Baden Brigade then formed the right wing of the IX Corps, their position ran from the Berezina to Studyanka. In fierce fighting, the infantry succeeded in repelling the Russian attacks. Losses were very high, more than 1,100 men were killed or wounded, leaving the brigade with a strength of only 900 after fighting ended. The Baden Hussars, reinforced by Hessian Chevau-légers, broke up a column of Russian infantry and took 500 prisoners, but was then wiped out by Russian cuirassiers. It lost the majority of its officers and around 150 soldiers and was then only a few men strong. After this bloody rearguard action, the IX Corps crossed the Berezina on the morning of 29 November and destroyed the bridge behind it. Denkwürdigkeiten des Generals der Infanterie Markgrafen Wilhelm von Baden, pp. 65–72
In the years that followed, the Baden Brigade continued to function as the rear guard of the army. Further battles and above all the extreme cold claimed more and more lives. William of Hochberg later wrote:
The brigade was reconstituted as a regiment and arrived in Wilna on 8 December 1812, just around 400 strong. All in all, Napoleon's Russian campaign had cost the lives of more than 6,000 soldiers from Baden.Harder: Handbuch, p. 89 As a consequence, the tailor, Franz Anton Egetmeyer, who was born in the Badenese town of Bretten, became famous, because he settled as a tailor in Penza and looked after Badenese prisoners of war there. The story of the "tailor of Pensa" was taken up in 1815 by Johann Peter Hebel in the form of a so-called calendar story ( Kalendergeschichte). Der Schneider in Pensa at hausen.pcom.de
| Four line regiments | The Corps Guard | One battalion of 3 field batteries and 1 horse artillery battery |
| The Life Guard Grenadiers | Two regiments of dragoons | |
| One light battalion |
In the Autumn campaign the two Badenese brigades fought in Marshal MacDonald's XI Corps inter alia in the Battle of the Katzbach and in the Battle of Leipzig. As on the Berezina, it was their duty to cover Napoleon's retreat after the defeat at Leipzig. The Badenese infantry refused to defect and were taken prisoner by Prussia, from whom they were soon released again after the Grand Duchy broke away from Napoleon and on 20 November 1813 switched to the side of Austria, Prussia and Russia. Landwehr and Landsturm were set up based on the Prussian model, and with the introduction of general conscription in December 1813, a total of 16,000 men were called up. Reinforced by Liechtenstein and Hohenzollern troops, it formed the VIII Army Corps. Under the command of William of Hochberg, it besieged the French fortresses of Kehl, Strasbourg, Landau in der Pfalz and Pfalzburg and returned to Baden in June 1814. An exception was the Life Guard Grenadier Battalion, which fought together with the Prussian-Russian Guard Corps in the Battle of Paris and moved into the city on 1 April. During the Napoleon's reign of the Hundred Days a field division had to be raised again, but it did not take part in any combat operations.Harder: Handbuch, pp. 91ff.
A War Ministry was set up in Baden for military purposes. Its Commander-in-Chief ( Oberste Kriegsheer) was the Grand Duke, who appointed a general as President of the Ministry of War.Xylander, Heerwesen, p. 397. The Badenese contingent for the Federal Army was organised into a division and the subordinated to the VIII Army Corps where it formed the 2nd Division. The VIII Army Corps was a mixed corps, in addition to the Badenese troops, it also included Württembergian and Hessian troops.Harder: Handbuch , p. 94. At the head of the division was a divisional commander with the rank of lieutenant general, the two brigades of the division were commanded by or . A brigade consisted of two or three infantry regiments each with an establishment of three battalions and 2,088 men. The infantry life guard regiment was a little stronger at 3,125 men.Xylander, Heer, pp. 404–407. The cavalry formed a brigade of three dragoon regiments, each of 718 men under the command of a lieutenant general.Xylander, Heer, pp. 408–410. The artillery was also organised into a brigade and comprised four batteries of artillery and one company of engineers. Of the four batteries, one was Horse artillery and had six guns, the three field artillery had eight each. The total strength was 30 guns and 1,315 men.Xylander, Heerwesen, pp. 411-414. In 1829 the Grand Duchy of Baden Gendarmerie Corps ( Großherzoglich Badisches Gendarmeriekorps) was founded, which was part of the army and organisationally subordinate to the Ministry of War, but in service to the Ministry of the Interior. As far as is known, it had no military police duties.
The following gives an overview of the status of the Baden Army in 1832:Harder: Handbuch, pp. 95ff.
| Life Guard Infantry Regiment ( Leibinfanterieregiment) | Grand Duke's Dragoon Regiment ( Dragonerregiment Großherzog) | Artillery brigade of four batteries |
| 1st (Grand Duke's) Infantry Regiment ( Linieninfanterieregiment Großherzog Nr. 1) | 1st (Margrave Max's) Dragoon Regiment ( Dragonerregiment Markgraf Max Nr. 1) | |
| 2nd (Hereditary Grand Duke's) Infantry Regiment ( Linieninfanterieregiment Erbgroßherzog Nr. 2) | 2nd (von Freystedt's) Dragoon Regiment ( Dragonerregiment von Freystedt Nr. 2) | |
| 3rd (Margrave William's) Infantry Regiment ( Linieninfanterieregiment Markgraf Wilhelm Nr. 3) | ||
| 4th (von Stockhorn's) Infantry Regiment ( Linieninfanterieregiment von Stockhorn Nr. 4) |
With the exception of the Life Guards and the Dragoons (formerly Life Guard Dragoons or Gardedragonerregiment)Harder: Handbuch, p. 96. the regiments were given a consecutive number and named after their regimental colonels.Xylander, Heer, pp. 405, 409.
The infantry were equipped with , the dragoons each carried a sabre, a pistol and a carbine. The artillery included six- and twelve-pounder guns, seven-pounder howitzers, plus sixteen and twenty-four-pounder guns and mortars of various calibres as siege artillery.Xylander, Heerwesen, pp. 408, 411, 413. The peacetime strength of the Army was 14,459 men. The contingent to be provided for the VIII Army Corps was 10,000 men, plus 1,667 as reserve personnel and 3,333 as reserves in the event of war.Xylander, Heerwesen, p. 418
There was a general school of war in Karlsruhe for the training of officers. Also in Karlsruhe was the Higher School of War for general staff officers. Artillery officers and non-commissioned officers were trained at Gottesaue Palace.Xylander, Heerwesen, p. 435 The Badische Gewehrfabrik (Badenese Small Arms Factory) was initially the supplier of the percussion rifles.
In 1848, part of the Baden Army was sent to the war against Denmark. The deployment comprised five infantry battalions and one field artillery that served in a brigade in the mixed division of the Württemberg General Moriz von Miller and were stationed in Holstein. The majority of the troops were soon withdrawn, but the 1st Battalion of the 4th Infantry Regiment remained in Schleswig after the Armistice of Malmö and took part in the Battle of Ulderup where, together with the Württemberg troops, acted as a reserve to prevent a defeat. Then it remained in the area Eckernförde for coastal security.Harder: Handbuch, p. 100. In the meantime there had been several armed conflicts in Baden which culminated in the uprising of 1849.
Due to the presence of Württemberg troops near Donaueschingen, the direct route from Konstanz to Freiburg and further north was blocked for the revolutionaries. Hecker was pushed south and moved west in mid-April until he reached the Wiesental valley and marched through it to Steinen. From Steinen he tried to turn north again and reached Kandern on 19 April.Hauser-Hauswirth, Wege der Revolutionäre, p. 6 However, on 20 April he encountered there some of the Badenese-Hessian troops under Friedrich von Gagern. Hecker withdrew from Kandern in the direction of the Wiesental, where another group of rebels under Joseph Fickler was waiting in Steinen, but before that he was defeated in the Battle on the Scheideck between Kandern and the Wiesental. The battle claimed around a dozen serious injuries and dead on both sides.Engehausen, Kleine Geschichte der Revolution, p. 79 Among the dead was Gagern, who was succeeded by Badenese colonel, Heinrich von Hinckeldey. Hinckeldey continued to pursue the rebels and on the same day defeated Fickler's men at Steinen. Hecker's and Fickler's defeat also prevented the two rebel groups from uniting with a third led by Franz Sigel, whose irregulars were at Todtnau on 20 April. Instead, Sigel marched against Freiburg. In the Battle of Günterstal his men were also defeated on 23 April and dispersed the next day.Hauser-Hauswirth, Wege der Revolutionäre, pp. 34 & 42. That left only the German Legion of Georg Herwegh that had been raised in Paris, but he decided to retreat across the Rhine after the defeats of Hecker, Fickler and Sigel. On 27 April, in the Battle of Dossenbach, it encountered parts of the Württemberg division and was also crushed. This ended the first Baden insurrection (16–27 April).Maurice (1979), p. xxi.
However, only 5 months later, in September, there was another uprising, the Struve Putsch. Gustav Struve, who fled to Switzerland after the April insurrection, crossed the border into Baden again on 21 September and proclaimed the German Republic in Lörrach that same day. From Lörrach he moved north and reached Staufen im Breisgau via Kandern and Schliengen on 24 September. Between eight and ten thousand men had meanwhile joined his ranks.Hauser-Hauswirth, Wege der Revolutionäre, pp. 74, 81 ff. At Staufen, however, he encountered a force that had been summoned from Karlsruhe and Rastatt consisting of two battalions of infantry, one squadron of cavalry and four guns and commanded by General Friedrich Hoffmann.Harder: Handbuch, pp. 99 & 340. Hoffmann's contingent, about 800 strongHauser-Hauswirth, Wege der Revolutionäre, p. 82 met around 3,000 revolutionaries who had barricaded themselves near Staufen.Harder: Handbuch, p. 99 The rebels were decisively defeated in the Battle of Staufen in the course of which 19 of their number and one soldier were killed, several houses were set on fire and 60 insurgents were captured. The revolutionaries fled to the upper Wiesental valley and from there to Wehr, where Struve was captured on 25 September.Hauser-Hauswirth, Wege der Revolutionäre, pp. 81–84
In the days that followed all the other garrisons in the country joined. As a result, Grand Duke Leopold had to leave the country and fled with his family and his government to the federal fortress at Mainz. Revolutionaries also took power in the neighbouring Bavarian Palatinate, and the two revolutionary governments formed a military union that raised an army of 20-25,000 men. In addition to the former troops of the regular Baden Army and the people's militias of the larger cities, the revolutionary army was also joined by volunteers from other European countries and numerous people from Württemberg. Among the latter was Fritz Heuss, great-great uncle of Theodor Heuss. A Polish commander of the army, Ludwik Mierosławski, was appointed.Harder: Handbuch, pp. 101 ff. The former First Lieutenant Karl Eichfeld became Minister of War, but the War Ministry itself was severely restricted in its ability to act due to the flight of numerous officials. Two attempts to invade Hesse with the revolutionary troops and to offer military protection to the St. Paul's Church Parliament failed: firstly because the Hessian military and population proved to be less revolutionary than expected and, secondly, because the Badenese troops only wanted to defend their own country.Engehausen, Kleine Geschichte der Revolution, pp. 165 & 168 ff.
Precautions for the defence had to be taken soon, because federal troops under Prussian leadership were mobilised to suppress the Baden Revolution and its government. Prussia improvised two corps for this, which were divided into seven divisions and numbered almost 35,000 men. Another 18,000 armed men were combined into the "Neckar Corps" and consisted of contingents from several other German states. Their overall commander-in-chief was the Prince of Prussia, later Emperor William I, who since the March Revolution in Berlin had been nicknamed the "Prince of Grapeshot" ( Kartätschenprinz).Harder: Handbook, p. 103f.
The attack on Baden was carried out on two fronts: the I Prussian Corps under Moritz von Hirschfeld was to secure the Palatinate and then cross the Rhine and attack the Revolutionary Army concentrated in North Baden from the west, while the II Corps under Karl von der Groeben and Eduard von Peucker's Neckar Corps were to invade Baden from the north, so that the Baden Army as a whole would be sandwiched between the Rivers Neckar and Rhine.Harder: Handbuch, p. 104 The advance of I Corps was highly successful, the Palatinate was quickly overcome and, from 15 June Prussian troops were in front of Mannheim, where they were initially stopped by artillery in the Battle of Ludwigshafen. Instead, they managed to cross the Rhine further south at Germersheim on 20 June and were then able to threaten the Baden Revolutionary Army from the south.Engehausen, Kleine Geschichte der Revolution, pp. 176 ff. The successes of the Baden Army against II Corps and the Neckar Corps, whose advance had been stopped at the Neckar, were thus negated. Mieroslawski switched the Schwerpunkt of his troops to the south and attacked the outnumbered 1st Prussian Division on 21 June at the Battle of Waghäusel. The insurgents captured the two villages of Waghäusel and Wiesental (today both belong to Waghäusel) and pushed the Prussians back to Philippsburg. However, when the 4th Prussian Division arrived as reinforcements, the Revolutionary Army was routed. A total of 21 Prussian soldiers lost their lives, 100 were wounded and 130 went missing.Harder: Handbuch, p. 377; Engehausen, Kleine Geschichte der Revolution, pp. 177 ff. The defeat at Waghäusel weakened the discipline and cohesion of the Revolutionary Army, and individual units withdrew. On 22 June, the Federal Army's Neckar arm finally crossed the Neckar and threatened Mieroslawski's right flank. However, the commander of the Revolutionary Army managed to escape the encirclement and withdraw his troops behind the River Murg near Rastatt. On the Murg, however, the Revolutionary Army opposed the now united federal army, and after several skirmishes it largely broke up. The government of Baden fled from Karlsruhe to Rastatt and from there via Offenburg to Freiburg. Mierowslaski asked for his release on 1 July and was replaced by Franz Sigel. However, since coherent resistance was no longer an option, Sigel's main task was to save the remaining troops from being captured. Freiburg was occupied on 7 July, and on 11 July the Revolutionary Army crossed the Rhine into Switzerland.Engehausen, Kleine Geschichte der Revolution, p. 179
Only about 6,000 men remained and they were trapped in Rastatt Fortress under Gustav Tiedemann and they continued to resist. The Prussian, General Karl von der Groeben, offered the rebel commander, Otto von Corvin, a chance to assess the situation outside the fortress, in Freiburg and Konstanz. Corvin accepted, and when, after his return, he reported to the besieged that there was no trace of the Revolutionary Army to be found, the revolutionaries laid down their arms on 23 July and were taken prisoner.Engehausen, Kleine Geschichte der Revolution, pp. 180 ff.
After the Baden Revolution was suppressed, 51 death sentences and 715 ten-year prison sentences were pronounced. The sentences were imposed by Prussian courts martial and often appear harsh and arbitrary. The aim was probably to act as a deterrent beyond Baden's borders, but another result was resentment by the people of Baden against the Prussians and their military.Engehausen, Kleine Geschichte der Revolution, pp. 183 ff. A commemorative medal issued by Grand Duke Leopold became popularly known as the "fratricide medal" ( Brudermordmedaille).
Numerous members of the Baden Revolutionary Army fled to the United States as Forty-Eighters and served in the American Civil War with the Union Army. Several natives of Baden and revolutionaries achieved the rank of general: Franz Sigel became a major general and general officer commanding of an army corps, Max (von) Weber commanded a division as a brigadier general and had a brigade in the rank of colonel. All three had been officers in the Baden Army before the revolution and had graduated from the Karlsruhe Military Academy.John H. Eicher, David J. Eicher: Civil War High Commands, Stanford University Press, Stanford 2001, pp. 388, 489 and 558. August Mersy received the brevet rank of brigadier general at the end of the war.
| 1st Baden Life Guard Grenadiers ( 1. Badisches Leib-Grenadierregiment No. 109) | 1st Baden Life Guard Dragoons ( 1. Badisches Leib-Dragonerregiment No. 20) | Field Artillery Regiment (1 mounted, 4 field batteries) |
| 2nd Baden Grenadiers (King of Prussia's Own) ( 2. Badisches Grenadierregiment "Kaiser Wilhelm I." No. 110) | 2nd Baden Dragoons (Margrave Maximilian's Own) ( 2. Badisches Dragonerregiment No. 21) | Fortress Artillery Battalion |
| 3rd Infantry Regiment ( 3. Infanterieregiment) | 3rd Dragoons (Prince Charles' Own) ( 3. Badisches Dragonerregiment "Prinz Karl" No. 22) | |
| 4th Infantry Regiment (Prince William's Own) ( 4. Infanterieregiment Prinz Wilhelm) | ||
| 5th Infantry Regiment ( 5. Infanterieregiment) | ||
| 2 fusilier battalions and a Jäger battalion |
Baden also had to furnish a 15,000-man contingent for the VIII Federal Army Corps.Heunisch und Bader, Großherzogthum Baden, p. 505. Commander-in-chief of the Army was the Grand Duke, as before; its management was vested in the Ministry of War headed by the War Minister ( Kriegspräsident). The Ministry of War was divided into a military, an administrative (responsible for catering, payment, medical services, etc.) and legal department ( rechtsgelehrte) and had other departments such as the War Treasury, the Directorate of Armouries, the Directorate of Magazines and others.Heunisch and Bader, Großherzogthum Baden, pp. 508 ff.
Under the 1825 conscription act, there was general conscription for men, which began when they reached the age of 20 and for the enforcement of which the Grand Duchy was divided into three recruitment districts, Freiburg, Karlsruhe and Mannheim. The period of service was six years. Between 1849 and 1855, an average of slightly under than 12,000 young men were subject to compulsory military service each year, of whom an average of around 3,500 were actually conscripted.Heunisch and Bader, Großherzogthum Baden, pp. 512 ff. From the age of 17, voluntary service was possible; it was also possible to do military service in such a way that you served a full year and then stood by as a reserve in case of war.Heunisch and Bader, Großherzogthum Baden, pp. 514 ff. One way of avoiding military service was by deputising as an Einsteher: there were associations that organised a deputy in return for a fee and, in the event of a draft, the deputy came forward to serve. In this way, the sons of wealthier citizens could avoid military service, while poorer men were able to earn a living as deputies.Harder: Handbuch, p. 105
From 1857 onwards, the infantry was equipped with the Vereinsgewehr 1857 ("union rifle") jointly procured by Baden, Hesse and Württemberg. This was a muzzle-loader with a 0.54 calibre rifled gun barrel and percussion lock.
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VIII. BAK 2. Bad. Division.jpg
VIII. BAK 3. Hess.Division.jpg
VIII. BAK 4. komb. Division.jpg
VIII. BAK Reserve.jpg
The VIII Corps took part in the Campaign of the Main during the Austro-Prussian War. When the Corps retreated to the River Tauber, Badenese troops were involved in the battles at Hundheim (23 July), Werbach (24 July) and Gerchsheim (25 July). Problems were caused by the fact that Prussian and Baden uniforms were very similar, so that the people of Baden had to march in winter coats to avoid confusion.Harder: Handbuch, p. 106 Overall, participation in the Austro-Prussian War claimed the lives of 27 Baden soldiers, while around 200 were wounded.Engehausen, Kleine Geschichte des Großherzogtums, p. 137. Even before Badenese troops had contact with the enemy for the first time, the war was de facto decided at the Battle of Königgrätz. For this reason, there was a debate in Baden throughout July as to whether and when the Grand Duchy should join the Prussian cause. The cabinet under Ludwig von Edelsheim was replaced by a new, Lesser Germany-minded one led by Julius Jolly and Karl Mathy.Engehausen, Kleine Geschichte des Grand Duchy, p. 137f. On 29 July, the Badenese troops began to withdraw home, and on 3 August, an armistice was concluded between Baden and Prussia, limited to 22 August.Agreement printed in: The State Archive. Collection of the official acts on contemporary history. Edited by Ludwig Karl Aegidi and Alfred Klauhold, Eleventh Volume, 1866 July to December, Otto Meissner, Hamburg 1866, no. 2368. pp. 174–176; As early as 17 August, Otto von Bismarck and Rudolf von Freydorf concluded a peace treaty between the Grand Duchy and Prussia.Peace treaty printed in: The State Archives. Collection of the official acts on contemporary history. Edited by Ludwig Karl Aegidi and Alfred Klauhold, Eleventh Volume, July 1866 to December, Otto Meissner, Hamburg 1866, No. 2374. pp. 188–190; Baden had to pay War reparations of 6 million guldens, and the two states concluded a secret defence and attack alliance ( Schutz- und Trutzbündnis).Rolf Gustav Haebler: Badische Geschichte. Reprint of 1951 edition. Battert Verlag, Baden-Baden, 1987, p. 118 This alliance included, among other things, that the Baden Army would come under Prussian command in the event of a joint war.
In the period that followed, there was another reorganization of the Army, closely based on the Prussian model. The option of having a deputy was abolished, instead there was now a seven-year compulsory service in the army (of which the last four were in the reserve), followed by five years of service in the Landwehr. The Prussian general Gustav Friedrich von Beyer became the Badenese Minister of War, the Army was equipped and enlarged with Prussian and breech-loading rifles. Its structure in 1869 was as follows:Harder: Handbuch, pp. 95 ff. & 106
| 1st Life Guard Regiment ( 1. Leibgrenadierregiment) | 1st Life Guard Dragoons ( 1. Leibdragonerregiment) | Field Artillery Regiment (1 mounted, 4 field batteries) | 10 battalions |
| 2nd Grenadiers (King of Prussia's Own) ( 2. Grenadierregiment König von Preußen) | 2nd Dragoons (Margrave Maximilian's Own) ( 2. Dragoon Regiment Margrave Maximilian) | Fortress Artillery Battalion | |
| 3rd Infantry Regiment ( 3. Infanterieregiment) | 3rd Dragoons (Prince Charles' Own) ( 3. Dragonerregiment Prinz Karl) | ||
| 4th Infantry Regiment (Prince Williams' Own) ( 4. Infanterieregiment Prinz Wilhelm) | |||
| 5th Infantry Regiment ( 5. Infanterieregiment) | |||
| 6th Infantry Regiment ( 6. Infanterieregiment) |
Subsequently Werder's formation, now designated as the XIV Army Corps, was deployed against newly raised French troops in south-eastern France. In October, the Corps advanced on Dijon, which resulted in several skirmishes. On 18 December, two Badenese brigades were victorious in the Battle of Nuits, but lost 940 men. In January, they took part in the Battle of the Lisaine, where the XIV Army Corps faced the army of General Charles Denis Bourbaki, which was three times larger. From 15 to 17 January Bourbaki attacked, with the fighting from 16 January mainly being concentrated on the right wing, where the Badenese division had taken up position. In heavy fighting, which cost the Badenese division 855 men, the French attacks were finally repelled; Bourbaki's army retreated to Besançon and from there to Switzerland, where it was internment.Harder: Handbuch, pp. 107–111. With Bourbaki's defeat, there was no hope of relief for the besieged Fortress at Belfort, which surrendered on 16 February 1871.
By contrast with Württemberg and Bavaria, the Grand Duchy finally ceded military sovereignty to Prussia. On 25 November 1870, a military convention was signed with the Kingdom of Prussia at Versailles.See, inter alia, Michael Kotulla: Deutsches Verfassungsrecht 1806–1918, Eine Dokumentensammlung nebst Einführungen, Vol. 1, Springer Verlag, Berlin and Heidelberg 2005, pp. 1222–1229; wording verfassungs.de; The contracting parties had already signed a contract on 25 May 1869: (Wikisource) According to this, the Baden Army became "an immediate part of the German or Royal Prussian Army" (Article 1). The regiments kept their standards and flags and were referred to as the "Baden Regiment", their crests showed the griffin of the Baden state coat of arms. Commanding General of the Badenese troops was the Grand Duke, the terms of service and oaths were somewhat more complicated: the Grand Duke was the employer for non-commissioned officers and men, and these were also sworn to him (with an additional obligation to obey the "Federal General ", i.e. the German Emperor). The officers, on the other hand, were subordinate to the German emperor and took their oath to him. The Grand Duke came second to them, to whom they pledged to "promote the best and to avert harm and disadvantage from the highest and his house and country".Harder: Handbuch , p. 111; Articles 2-5 of the Military Convention The corps number XIV assigned in the war against France was retained by the Badenese troops, they formed the core of the XIV Army Corps. In 1874, this was structured as follows:Harder: Handbuch, p. 112.
| 28th Division | ||
| 55th Infantry Brigade | ||
| 1st Baden Life Guard Grenadiers ( 1. Badisches Leibgrenadierregiment Nr. 109) | ||
| 2nd Baden Life Guard Grenadiers (Emperor William's Own) ( 2. Badisches Grenadierregiment "Kaiser Wilhelm I." Nr. 110) | ||
| 2nd Baden Landwehr ( 2. Badisches Landwehrregiment Nr. 110) | ||
| 56th Infantry Brigade | ||
| 1st Upper Silesian Infantry (Keith's Own) ( Infanterie-Regiment "Keith" (1. Oberschlesisches) Nr. 22) | ||
| 3rd Baden Infantry (Margrave Louis William's Own) ( 3. Badisches Infanterie-Regiment "Markgraf Ludwig Wilhelm" Nr. 111) | ||
| 3rd Baden Landwehr ( 3. Badisches Landwehrregiment Nr. 111) | ||
| 28th Cavalry Brigade | ||
| 1st Baden Life Guard Dragoons ( 1. Badisches Leibdragonerregiment Nr. 20) | ||
| 3rd Baden Dragoons (Prince Charles' Own) ( 3. Badisches Dragonerregiment "Prinz Karl" Nr. 22) | ||
| 29th Division | ||
| 57th Infantry Brigade | ||
| 5th Baden Infantry ( 5. Badisches Infanterieregiment Nr. 113) | ||
| 6th Baden Infantry (Emperor Frederick III's Own) ( 6. Badisches Infanterieregiment "Kaiser Friedrich III." Nr. 114) | ||
| 5th and 6th Baden Landwehr ( 5. und 6. Badisches Landwehr-Regiment (Nr. 113 und 114)) | ||
| 58th Infantry Brigade | ||
| 4th Westphalian Infantry (Count Barfuß) ( Infanterie-Regiment "Graf Barfuß" (4. Westfälisches) Nr. 17) | ||
| 4th Baden Infantry (Prince William's Own) ( 4. Badisches Infanterie-Regiment "Prinz Wilhelm" Nr. 112) | ||
| 4th Baden Landwehr ( 4. Badisches Landwehrregiment Nr. 112) | ||
| 29th Cavalry Brigade | ||
| 14th Mark Dragoons ( Kurmärkisches Dragoner-Regiment Nr. 14) | ||
| 2nd Baden Dragoons ( 2. Badisches Dragonerregiment Nr. 21) | ||
| Corps troops | ||
| 14th Baden Field Artillery Battalion ( Badisches Fußartillerie-Bataillon Nr. 14) | ||
| 14th Baden Engineer Battalion ( Badisches Pionier-Bataillon Nr. 14) | ||
| 14th Baden Baggage Train Battalion ( Badisches Train-Bataillon Nr. 14) | ||
| 14th Field Artillery Brigade | ||
| 1st Baden Field Artillery Regiment (Grand Duke's Own) ( Feldartillerie-Regiment "Großherzog" (1. Badisches) Nr. 14 Holzamer: Die Geschichte des ehemaligen Badischen Feldartillerieregiments Nr. 14 (pdf)) | ||
| 2nd Baden Field Artillery Regiment ( 2. Badisches Feldartillerie-Regiment Nr. 30) |
With the military convention of 1870, Baden gave up its military sovereignty, the Baden Army ceased to exist and became part of the Imperial German Army, albeit as a separate corps. After Germany's defeat in the First World War this concentration of Badenese troops was also dissolved; in the new Reichswehr only the 14th (Baden) Infantry Regiment carried forward the tradition of the old Badenese regiments.Harder: Handbuch. p. 121.
The Grand Duchy of Baden Ministry of War was disbanded by statute on 27 December 1871.Karl Stiefel: Baden 1648–1952. Karlsruhe 1979, Vol. II, p. 1043
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